​Escher, M. C. "Convex and Concave." Lithograph. 1955—contains Schroeder Stairs;
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​Escher, M. C. "Relativity." Lithograph. 1953—contains Schroeder Stairs
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The Schroeder Stairs Ambiguous Figure was created by Heinrich Georg Friedrich Schröder (1810 – 1885) and first published in the journal Annalen der Physik, in 1858. Versions of the stairs appear in M. C. Escher's work (images and details above).

The Schroeder Stairs Ambiguous Figure belongs in a large class of illusions where a two-dimensional figure, or three-dimensional object can be seen in two or more sharply distinct ways. You can search for other ambiguous figures in the Illusions Index.

There is some controversy over how the Schroeder Stairs Ambiguous Figure works. It is generally agreed that the retinal image is constant when experiencing the illusion, but what is not agreed is whether the visual experience of the figure changes when the perspectival switch takes place between seeing the stairs running from top left to bottom right, versus upside down, or whether the experience itself does not change, and it is some post-experiential belief, judgment, or other mental process which changes. Ambiguous figures have been cited in debates over this issue (Silins 2015: §2.4).

This issue is intertwined with more general questions about the modularity of mind and cognitive penetration. To explain: on the hypothesis that the mind is modular, a mental module is a kind of semi-independent department of the mind which deals with particular types of inputs, and gives particular types of outputs, and whose inner workings are not accessible to the conscious awareness of the person – all one can get access to are the relevant outputs. So, in the case of visual illusions, for example, a standard way of explaining why the illusion persists even though one knows that one is experiencing an illusion is that the module, or modules, which constitute the visual system are ‘cognitively impenetrable’ to some degree – i.e. their inner workings and outputs cannot be influenced by conscious awareness. It is still an open question regarding the extent to which perceptual modules are cognitively impenetrable, and the Schroeder Stairs belongs in a large class of illusions which are employed in debates to try and close that question. One way in which ambiguous figures like the Schroeder Stairs might support the claim that visual processing is impenetrable to a significant degree is that the Gestalt switch is hard to control—often one will see the Schroeder Stairs one way or another even if one is trying to see it the other way. Macpherson discusses this phenomenon and its implications in her 2012 paper. Further, there is some evidence from neuroscience that, for at least some ambiguous figures, there are significant changes in early-stage visual processing in the brain when the Gestalt switch is taking place, which might support the hypothesis that Gestalt switches in general are changes in the experience itself rather than in downstream mental processes like beliefs about that experience (see Kornmeier & Bach 2006, 2012).

Finally, ambiguous figures like the Schroeder Stairs have been cited in debates about whether the nature of experience can be fully accounted for by appealing only to its representational content. Philosophers and other cognitive scientists distinguish between the phenomenal character of an experience—i.e. what it is like for a conscious subject to undergo that experience—and its representational content—i.e. what the experience is about. Some philosophers, known as ‘representationalists’ argue that the phenomenal character of experience can be accounted for fully in terms of the representational content of experience. One motivation for this argument is that representational content seems easier to ‘naturalise’—i.e. for its nature to be explained in purely materialist terms by appealing solely to physical entities like brain states. Phenomenal character, on the other hand, seems much more resistant to attempts to naturalise it. But if phenomenal character can be fully accounted for in representationalist terms, then this would make the naturalising of phenomenal character seem much more tractable. And, ambiguous figures are among the key examples discussed in debates about whether phenomenal character can be fully accounted for in representationalist terms. For example, Macpherson (2006) has argued that some changes in phenomenal character that occur when experiencing some ambiguous figures cannot be explained in naturalistic, representationalist terms. Macpherson’s 2006 paper provides an overview of the general debate and its many moving parts.